Prevalence and perceptions of flavour capsule cigarettes among adults who smoke in Brazil, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Mexico: findings from the ITC surveys.

INTRODUCTION: The global market of flavour capsule cigarettes (FCCs) has grown significantly over the past decade; however, prevalence data exist for only a few countries. This study examined prevalence and perceptions of FCCs among adults who smoke across five countries. METHODS: Cross-sectional data among adults who smoked cigarettes came from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Surveys-Brazil (2016/2017), Japan (2021), Republic of Korea (2021), Malaysia (2020) and Mexico (2021). FCCs use was measured based on reporting one's usual/current brand or favourite variety has flavour capsule(s). Perceptions of the harmfulness of one's usual brand versus other brands were compared between those who used capsules versus no capsules. Adjusted logistic regression models examined correlates of FCC use. RESULTS: There were substantial differences in the prevalence of FCC use among adults who smoke across the five countries: Mexico (50.3% in 2021), Republic of Korea (31.8% in 2021), Malaysia (26.5% in 2020), Japan (21.6% in 2021) and Brazil (6.7% in 2016/2017). Correlates of FCC use varied across countries. Capsule use was positively associated with being female in Japan and Mexico, younger age in Japan, Republic of Korea and Malaysia, high education in Brazil, Japan and Mexico, non-daily smoking in Republic of Korea, and having plans to quit in Japan and Republic of Korea. There was no consistent pattern of consumer perceptions of brand harmfulness. CONCLUSION: Our study documented the high prevalence of FCCs in some countries, pointing to the need to develop and implement regulatory strategies to control these attractive products.

'If I hadn't seen this picture, I'd be smoking'-perceptions about innovations in health warnings for cigarette packages in Brazil: a focus group study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perceptions of young people and adults, smokers and non-smokers about the current set of innovations introduced in 2018 into the Brazilian tobacco products' health warnings. METHODS: Twenty focus groups were conducted in five state capitals in Brazil. The participants (n=163) were segmented by smoking status, age (15-17 years, 18-55 years) and social grade (C, D-E classes) to examine cigarette packaging and explore the participants' perceptions of health warnings. RESULTS: Health warnings capture attention, eliciting apprehension, fear, disgust and concern about the negative consequences of cigarette consumption. The 2018 Brazil health warnings are spontaneously recalled by participants, even without the presence of cigarette packages. However, the analysis also reveals the challenges of overcoming communication barriers and distorted interpretations, especially among smokers. The inclusion of direct and provocative stimuli, such as the use of the word 'you', attracts attention and creates more proximity to the recipient of the message. The results also highlight the interest and fear elicited by warnings on toxic constituents and the importance of using contrasting colours in warnings, which differentiate them from the colours of cigarette packs. CONCLUSION: Introducing innovative components in health warnings can catch consumers' attention but considering that the interviewees encountered difficulties interpreting textual warnings about toxic constituents in cigarettes, the study reinforces the importance of adopting direct language and pictures, instead of text, which can visually transmit the warning messages and the use of specific wording that generates proximity between the emitter and receiver.

"Eu entro num Consórcio Funerário". Percepções e Representações de Adultos sobre Embalagens Padronizadas de Cigarros / "I Join a Funeral Consortium". Perceptions and Representations about Cigarette Plain Packages / "Me Uno a un Consorcio Funerario". Percepciones y Representaciones sobre los Paquetes de Cigarrillos Neutro

Introdução: O tabagismo persiste como grave problema de saúde pública, apesar dos avanços nos campos da saúde e legislativos, que culminaram em redução significativa na prevalência de fumantes. No entanto, a embalagem de cigarros continua exercendo papel publicitário em pontos de venda, festivais culturais e Internet. Essa estratégia reflete no aumento do tabagismo entre jovens, o que exige a implementação de novas medidas. A padronização das embalagens tem sido adotada internacionalmente, com resultados relevantes. Objetivo: Desvendar percepções e representações das embalagens padronizadas de cigarros entre adultos fumantes e não fumantes brasileiros, e identificar possíveis efeitos na experimentação, consumo e cessação do tabagismo. Método: Foram constituídos seis grupos focais em três capitais. Fumantes e não fumantes manipularam protótipos dessas embalagens, descrevendo experiências próximas da vida real. Os participantes também avaliaram as cores dos protótipos. Seus depoimentos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo desenvolvida manualmente pelos pesquisadores, identificando percepções e representações, e apontando possíveis repercussões sobre o comportamento de fumar. Resultados: As percepções dos participantes apontaram menor atratividade e menor qualidade do produto, levando ao desinteresse em sua compra. As advertências sanitárias foram percebidas como mais proeminentes, tornando os riscos do tabagismo mais evidentes. Os resultados sugerem que essas embalagens desencorajam a experimentação e iniciação entre jovens, com potenciais estímulos à cessação do tabagismo. Conclusão: As embalagens padronizadas parecem gerar mudança de significação sobre o produto, que, ao romperem a representação positiva da personalidade do fumante transmitida pelas marcas de cigarros, direcionam sua imagem para uma realidade próxima das enfermidades associadas ao tabagismo

Introduction: Smoking persists as a serious public health problem, despite health and legislative advances, that have led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of smokers. Despite that, cigarette packs continues to play an advertising role at points of sale, cultural festivals and on the Internet. This strategy is reflected in the increase of smoking among young people, which requires the implementation of new measures. The standardization of cigarette packs has been adopted internationally, with relevant results. Objective: To unravel perceptions and representations of plain cigarette packs among adult smokers and non-smokers in Brazil, and to identify possible effects on experimentation, consumption and smoking cessation. Method: Six focus groups were set up in three capitals. Smokers and non-smokers manipulated prototypes of these packs, describing experiences close to real life. The participants also evaluated the colors of the prototypes. Their statements were submitted to content analysis, manually developed by the investigators, identifying perceptions and representations, and pointing out possible repercussions on smoking behavior. Results: The participants' perceptions indicated less attractiveness and lower quality of the product, leading to disinterest in purchasing it. Health warnings were perceived as more prominent, making the risks of smoking clearly evident. The results suggest that plain packs discourage experimentation and initiation among young people, with potential stimuli for smoking cessation. Conclusion:The standardized packs seem to generate a change in the product meaning, which, by breaking the positive representation of the smoker's personality, transmitted by cigarette brands, directs the smoker's image to a reality close to the diseases associated with smoking

Tabagismo, uma Patologia Corporativa Transmissível / Tobacco Addiction, a Corporate Tobacco Industry Transmissible Pathology. How Health Professionals Can Contribute to Stop this Epidemic? / Tabaquismo, una Patología Corporativa Transmisible pela Industria Tabacalera. ¿Cómo los Profesionales de la Salud Pueden Contribuir a Detener esta Epidemia?

Cerca de 71% das mortes no mundo são causadas pelas chamadas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Apesar de, no passado, serem consideradas doenças de países ricos, atualmente 80% dessas mortes ocorrem em países pobres e de renda média. Os principais fatores de risco para o surgimento das DCNT são: tabagismo, dietas inadequadas, sedentarismo e consumo de álcool. Entre esses fatores de risco, o tabagismo é o principal fator isolado, sendo responsável por mais de sete milhões de mortes anuais no mundo e é fator de risco para todas as principais DNCT. No Brasil, ele causa mais de um milhão de eventos médicos/ano, entre eles, 63 mil casos de câncer e 156 mil mortes anuais. O tabagismo também gera pesados custos econômicos na saúde, que totalizam quase 1% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB)

Nearly 71 % of the deaths in the world are caused by chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). Although in the past they were considered diseases of wealthy countries, currently 80% of these deaths occur in poor and middle income countries. The main risk factors for the onset of NCD are smoking, inappropriate diet, sedentarism and alcohol use. Smoking, among these risk factors, is the main isolate factor, responsible for more than seven million annual deaths in the world and is a risk factor for all the main NCD. In Brazil, it causes more than one million medical events/year, among them, 63 thousand cases of cancer and 156 thousand annual deaths. Smoking is also a heavy economic toll to health, reaching nearly 1% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Prevalence of awareness, ever-use and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) among adult current smokers and ex-smokers in 14 countries with differing regulations on sales and marketing of NVPs: cross-sectional findings from the ITC Project.

AIMS: This paper presents updated prevalence estimates of awareness, ever-use, and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) from 14 International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) countries that have varying regulations governing NVP sales and marketing. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A cross-sectional analysis of adult (≥ 18 years) current smokers and ex-smokers from 14 countries participating in the ITC Project. Data from the most recent survey questionnaire for each country were included, which spanned the period 2013-17. Countries were categorized into four groups based on regulations governing NVP sales and marketing (allowable or not), and level of enforcement (strict or weak where NVPs are not permitted to be sold): (1) most restrictive policies (MRPs), not legal to be sold or marketed with strict enforcement: Australia, Brazil, Uruguay; (2) restrictive policies (RPs), not approved for sale or marketing with weak enforcement: Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand; (3) less restrictive policies (LRPs), legal to be sold and marketed with regulations: England, the Netherlands, Republic of Korea, United States; and (4) no regulatory policies (NRPs), Bangladesh, China, Zambia. Countries were also grouped by World Bank Income Classifications. Country-specific weighted logistic regression models estimated adjusted NVP prevalence estimates for: awareness, ever/current use, and frequency of use (daily versus non-daily). FINDINGS: NVP awareness and use were lowest in NRP countries. Generally, ever- and current use of NVPs were lower in MRP countries (ever-use = 7.1-48.9%; current use = 0.3-3.5%) relative to LRP countries (ever-use = 38.9-66.6%; current use = 5.5-17.2%) and RP countries (ever-use = 10.0-62.4%; current use = 1.4-15.5%). NVP use was highest among high-income countries, followed by upper-middle-income countries, and then by lower-middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: With a few exceptions, awareness and use of nicotine vaping products varied by the strength of national regulations governing nicotine vaping product sales/marketing, and by country income. In countries with no regulatory policies, use rates were very low, suggesting that there was little availability, marketing and/or interest in nicotine vaping products in these countries where smoking populations are predominantly poorer. The higher awareness and use of nicotine vaping products in high income countries with moderately (e.g. Canada, New Zealand) and less (e.g. England, United States) restrictive policies, is likely due to the greater availability and affordability of nicotine vaping products.

Cigarette flavors, package shape, and cigarette brand perceptions: an experiment among young Brazilian women.

OBJECTIVE: In 2012, a new Brazilian regulation prohibited the use of flavor additives in tobacco products. To better understand the potential impact of this regulation, this study examines how flavor descriptors on cigarette packaging influence brand perceptions among young Brazilian women. METHODS: An online cross-sectional experiment was conducted with Brazilian women aged 16-26 (N = 640: 182 smokers and 458 nonsmokers) who rated 10 cigarette packages from one of three conditions: 1) branded packs; 2) packs with the same size, shape, and verbal descriptions as in condition 1, but without brand imagery (i.e., "plain pack"); and 3) packs from condition 2 but without brand descriptors (i.e., "plain pack, no descriptors"). Mixed-effects linear regression models were utilized to determine what associations that pack features (i.e., experimental condition; flavor descriptor vs. not; slim pack vs. not) had with participant ratings of nine characteristics, including appeal, taste, smoothness, and attributes of people who smoke the brand. RESULTS: Flavored branded packs were rated as more appealing, better tasting, and smoother than flavored plain packs with descriptors. Compared to flavored plain packs with descriptors, the same packs without descriptors were rated less positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Compared to nonsusceptible nonsmokers, susceptible nonsmokers rated flavored packs more positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Slim packs were rated more positively than regular packs on eight of the nine characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Slim packs and brands highlighting tobacco flavors appear to increase positive perceptions of tobacco products. Banning tobacco flavorings and slim packs may reduce the appeal of smoking for young Brazilian women, as well as for other vulnerable populations.

Cigarette flavors, package shape, and cigarette brand perceptions: an experiment among young Brazilian women / Los sabores de cigarrillos, la forma del paquete y las percepciones de las marcas de cigarrillos: un experimento entre las jóvenes brasileñas / Sabores do cigarro, forma do pacote e percepções da marca do cigarro: um experimento entre mulheres jovens brasileiras

ABSTRACT Objective In 2012, a new Brazilian regulation prohibited the use of flavor additives in tobacco products. To better understand the potential impact of this regulation, this study examines how flavor descriptors on cigarette packaging influence brand perceptions among young Brazilian women. Methods An online cross-sectional experiment was conducted with Brazilian women aged 16-26 (N = 640: 182 smokers and 458 nonsmokers) who rated 10 cigarette packages from one of three conditions: 1) branded packs; 2) packs with the same size, shape, and verbal descriptions as in condition 1, but without brand imagery (i.e., "plain pack"); and 3) packs from condition 2 but without brand descriptors (i.e., "plain pack, no descriptors"). Mixed-effects linear regression models were utilized to determine what associations that pack features (i.e., experimental condition; flavor descriptor vs. not; slim pack vs. not) had with participant ratings of nine characteristics, including appeal, taste, smoothness, and attributes of people who smoke the brand. Results Flavored branded packs were rated as more appealing, better tasting, and smoother than flavored plain packs with descriptors. Compared to flavored plain packs with descriptors, the same packs without descriptors were rated less positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Compared to nonsusceptible nonsmokers, susceptible nonsmokers rated flavored packs more positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Slim packs were rated more positively than regular packs on eight of the nine characteristics. Conclusions Slim packs and brands highlighting tobacco flavors appear to increase positive perceptions of tobacco products. Banning tobacco flavorings and slim packs may reduce the appeal of smoking for young Brazilian women, as well as for other vulnerable populations.

RESUMEN Objetivo En 2012, una nueva regulación brasileña prohibió el uso de aditivos de sabor en los productos de tabaco. Para comprender mejor el impacto potencial de esta regulación, este estudio examina cómo los descriptores de sabor en los envases de cigarrillos influyen en las percepciones de marca entre las jóvenes brasileñas. Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal, en línea con mujeres brasileñas de entre 16 y 26 años (N = 640: 182 fumadores y 458 no fumadores) que calificaron 10 paquetes de cigarrillos de acuerdo a una de las siguientes condiciones: 1) paquetes de marca; 2) paquetes con el mismo tamaño, forma y descripciones verbales que en la condición 1, pero sin imágenes de marca (es decir, "paquete simple"); y 3) paquetes de la condición 2 pero sin descriptores de marca (es decir, "paquete simple, sin descriptores"). Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal de efectos mixtos para determinar qué asociación existía entre las diferentes condiciones (es decir, condición experimental, descriptor de sabor vs. no, paquete delgado vs. no) con las calificaciones de los participantes de nueve características, incluyendo atractivo, sabor, suavidad y atributos de personas que fuman la marca. Resultados Los paquetes de marca con sabor se calificaron como más atractivos, de mejor sabor y más suaves que los paquetes simples con sabores y descriptores. En comparación con los paquetes simples con sabores con descriptores, los mismos paquetes sin descriptores fueron calificados de manera menos positiva en ocho de las nueve características. En comparación con los no fumadores no susceptibles, los no fumadores susceptibles calificaron los paquetes con sabor de forma más positiva en ocho de las nueve características. Los paquetes delgados fueron clasificados más positivamente que los paquetes regulares en ocho de las nueve características. Conclusiones Los paquetes delgados y las marcas que destacan los sabores del tabaco parecen aumentar las percepciones positivas de los productos de tabaco. Prohibir los sabores del tabaco y los paquetes delgados puede reducir el atractivo del tabaco para las jóvenes brasileñas, así como para otras poblaciones vulnerables.

RESUMO Objetivo Em 2012, uma nova regulamentação brasileira proibiu o uso de aditivos aromáticos nos produtos tabagísticos. Para entender melhor o impacto potencial desta regulação, este estudo examinou como a propaganda de aroma em embalagens de cigarros influencia a percepção das brasileiras jovens sobre a marca do produto. Método Estudo transversal em que 640 brasileiras (168 fumantes e 458 não fumantes) avaliaram online, uma entre três das seguintes características de 10 pacotes de cigarros: 1) embalagem com a imagem da marca; 2) pacotes com o mesmo tamanho, formato e descrição das características do produto 1, mas sem marca (havia apenas a descrição do produto) e, 3) embalagens nas condições 2, mas sem a descrição do produto (embalagem em branco). O modelo de regressão linear misto foi utilizado para determinar associações das características da embalagem do cigarro (Ex: situação experimental, descrição de aroma versus não, pacotes finos versus não) com as avaliações das participantes para nove características do produto, incluindo a apelação, aroma, suavidade e atributos de quem fuma certa marca. Resultados Pacotes aromatizados de marca foram classificados como mais atraentes, com melhor sabor e suavidade em relação aos que tinham simples descrição do produto. Os pacotes descritos como aromatizados comparados ao mesmo produto sem descrição obtiveram menores escores para oito dentre nove características avaliadas. Em comparação as não fumantes sem suscetibilidade ao tabagismo, as que eram suscetíveis classificaram produtos aromatizados mais positivamente em oito de suas nove características. As embalagens finas receberam julgamento mais positivo do que as com espessura regular para oito dentre nove itens analisados. Conclusões Pacotes finos e marcas que destacam os aromas do tabaco parecem aumentar a percepção positiva deste produto. Proibir a aromatização do tabaco e a oferta de pacotes finos de cigarros reduzem o apelo de fumar entre brasileiras jovens, bem como para outros grupos vulneráveis.

Analysis of the tobacco industry's interference in the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products in Brazil.

This article aims to analyze the relationship between the Brazilian government's adoption of a regulatory measure with a strong impact on the population and the opposition by invested interest groups. The methodology involves the analysis of official documents on the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products sold in Brazil. In parallel, a search was conducted for publicly available tobacco industry documents resulting from lawsuits, with the aim of identifying the industry's reactions to this process. The findings suggest that various government acts were affected by direct interference from the tobacco industry. In some cases the interventions were explicit and in others they were indirect or difficult to identify. In light of the study's theoretical framework, the article provides original information on the Brazilian process that can be useful for government policymakers in the strategic identification of tobacco control policies.

Electronic cigarette awareness, use, and perception of harmfulness in Brazil: findings from a country that has strict regulatory requirements. / Conhecimento e uso de cigarros eletrônicos e percepção de risco no Brasil: resultados de um país com requisitos regulatórios rígidos.

Given the uncertainties regarding electronic cigarettes' (e-cigs) impact on health, in 2009 Brazil prohibited sales, importation or advertisements of these products until manufacturers are able to show they are safe and/or effective in smoking cessation. This study sought to analyze: (1) awareness of electronic cigarettes, ever-use and recent use; (2) perception of harmfulness of electronic cigarettes when compared with conventional cigarettes; and (3) correlates of awareness and perception of harmfulness. This is a cross-sectional study among Brazilian smokers (≥ 18 years) using the Wave 2 replenishment sample of the Brazilian International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Participants were recruited in three cities through a random-digit dialing sampling frame between October 2012 and February 2012. Among the 721 respondents, 37.4% (n = 249) of current smokers were aware of e-cigs, 9.3% (n = 48) reported having ever tried or used e-cigs and 4.6% (n = 24) reported having used them in the previous six months. Among those who were aware of e-cigs, 44.4% (n = 103) believed they were less harmful than regular cigarettes (low perception of harmfulness). "Low perception of harmfulness" was associated with a higher educational level and with having recently tried/used e-cigs. Despite restrictions to e-cigs in Brazil, 4.6% of sample smokers reported having recently used them. Health surveillance programs in Brazil and other countries should include questions on use and perceptions of e-cigs considering their respective regulatory environments.

Brazil: balance of the National Tobacco Control Policy in the last decade and dilemmas. / Brasil: balanço da Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco na última década e dilemas.

Since 2005, Brazil has been a Party of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, an international treaty whose measures are the foundation of the National Tobacco-Control Policy (NTCP), of Brazil. The results evidence a significant decrease in the prevalence of smokers and in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. These results, however, could have been even better if there wasn't the interference of the tobacco supply chain (TSC), controlled by transnational corporations, which has become more intense over the last 10 years. These companies made Brazil not only a repository for tobacco, but also for economic and political power capable of threatening NTCP achievements. This Essay recounts the development of NTCP and the tobacco supply chain modus operandi to hamper it, and discusses how the strengthening of policies to promote alternative crops for tobacco could shield NTCP from such interference.

Perceived enforcement of anti-smoking laws in bars and restaurants of three Brazilian cities: data from the ITC-Brazil survey. / A percepção do cumprimento das leis antifumo em bares e restaurantes em três cidades brasileiras: dados do ITC-Brasil.

Passive smoking causes severe and lethal effects on health. Since 1996 Brazil has been moving forward in the implementation of anti-smoking legislation in enclosed public spaces. This article aims to evaluate the perceived enforcement of anti-smoking legislation in the cities of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, based on the results of the ITC-Brazil Survey (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). The results of the survey showed a significant reduction in the proportion of people who saw individuals smoking in restaurants and bars between 2009 and 2013 in the three cities surveyed. Concurrently there was an increase in the proportion of smokers who mentioned having smoked in the outer areas of these facilities. These results likely reflect a successful implementation of anti-smoking laws. Of note is the fact that by decreasing passive smoking we further enhance smoking denormalization among the general population, decreasing smoking initiation and increasing its cessation.

Analysis of the tobacco industry's interference in the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products in Brazil / Análisis de la interferencia de la industria del tabaco en la implementación de advertencias sanitarias en los derivados del tabaco en Brasil / Análise da interferência da indústria do tabaco na implantação das advertências sanitárias nos derivados de tabaco no Brasil

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the relationship between the Brazilian government's adoption of a regulatory measure with a strong impact on the population and the opposition by invested interest groups. The methodology involves the analysis of official documents on the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products sold in Brazil. In parallel, a search was conducted for publicly available tobacco industry documents resulting from lawsuits, with the aim of identifying the industry's reactions to this process. The findings suggest that various government acts were affected by direct interference from the tobacco industry. In some cases the interventions were explicit and in others they were indirect or difficult to identify. In light of the study's theoretical framework, the article provides original information on the Brazilian process that can be useful for government policymakers in the strategic identification of tobacco control policies.

Resumen: El propósito de este artículo es entender la relación que se establece entre la adopción por parte del gobierno de una medida reguladora, con un fuerte impacto en la población, y la reacción de grupos de interés contrarios. La metodología se aplica al estudio de documentos oficiales relacionados con la implementación de las advertencias sanitarias en los productos del tabaco comercializados en Brasil. Simultáneamente, se realizó una búsqueda de documentos a disposición pública sobre los resultados de litigios contra la industria del tabaco, con el objetivo de identificar las reacciones del sector en este proceso. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que varias acciones del gobierno sufrieron una interferencia directa de la industria del tabaco. En algunos casos las intervenciones eran explícitas y en otros eran indirectas o de difícil identificación. A la luz del marco referencial adoptado, se ha presentado información original sobre el proceso brasileño, que podrá ser útil para los gestores del gobierno en la identificación estratégica de políticas de control al tabaco.

O propósito deste artigo é entender a relação estabelecida entre a adoção pelo governo de uma medida reguladora com forte impacto na população e a reação de grupos de interesse contrários. A metodologia envolve o estudo de documentos oficiais relacionados à implementação das advertências sanitárias nos produtos de tabaco comercializados no Brasil. Em paralelo, realizou-se a busca de documentos da indústria do tabaco disponibilizados publicamente como resultado de ações de litígio, com o objetivo de identificar as reações do setor nesse processo. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que várias ações do governo foram permeadas pela interferência direta da indústria do tabaco. Em alguns casos as intervenções eram explícitas e em outros eram indiretas ou de difícil identificação. À luz do marco referencial adotado, informações originais sobre o processo brasileiro são apresentadas e poderão ser úteis aos gestores do governo na identificação estratégica de políticas de controle do tabaco.

A percepção do cumprimento das leis antifumo em bares e restaurantes em três cidades brasileiras: dados do ITC-Brasil / La percepción del cumplimiento de las leyes antitabaco en bares y restaurantes en tres ciudades brasileñas: datos del ITC-Brasil / Perceived enforcement of anti-smoking laws in bars and restaurants of three Brazilian cities: data from the ITC-Brazil survey

Resumo: O tabagismo passivo causa sérios e mortais efeitos à saúde. Desde 1996, o Brasil vem avançando na implementação da legislação antifumo em locais públicos fechados. Este artigo busca avaliar a percepção do cumprimento da legislação antifumo nas cidades de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul), Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, com base nos resultados da pesquisa ITC-Brasil (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram uma redução significativa da proporção de pessoas que notaram indivíduos fumando em restaurantes e bares entre 2009 e 2013 nas três cidades pesquisadas. Paralelamente, houve um aumento da proporção de fumantes que referiram ter fumado na área externa desses estabelecimentos. Tais resultados provavelmente refletem uma implementação exitosa das leis antifumo. Vale ressaltar que ao diminuir a exposição ao fumo passivo, aumentamos ainda mais a desnormalização do tabagismo na população em geral, podendo assim diminuir sua iniciação e aumentar a cessação de fumar.

Resumen: El tabaquismo pasivo causa serios y mortales efectos para la salud. Desde 1996, Brasil ha avanzado en la implementación de la legislación antitabaco en locales públicos cerrados. Este artículo busca evaluar la percepción del cumplimiento de la legislación antitabaco en las ciudades de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul), Río de Janeiro y São Paulo, Brasil, en base a los resultados de la investigación ITC-Brasil (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). Los resultados de esta investigación mostraron una reducción significativa de la proporción de personas que notaron individuos fumando en restaurantes y bares entre 2009 y 2013 en las tres ciudades investigadas. Paralelamente, hubo un aumento de la proporción de fumadores que informaron haber fumado en el área externa de esos establecimientos. Tales resultados probablemente reflejan una implementación exitosa de las leyes antitabaco. Vale resaltar que al disminuir la exposición al humo pasivo, aumentamos incluso más la desnormalización del tabaquismo en la población en general, pudiendo así disminuir su iniciación y aumentar el abandono del tabaco.

Abstract: Passive smoking causes severe and lethal effects on health. Since 1996 Brazil has been moving forward in the implementation of anti-smoking legislation in enclosed public spaces. This article aims to evaluate the perceived enforcement of anti-smoking legislation in the cities of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, based on the results of the ITC-Brazil Survey (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). The results of the survey showed a significant reduction in the proportion of people who saw individuals smoking in restaurants and bars between 2009 and 2013 in the three cities surveyed. Concurrently there was an increase in the proportion of smokers who mentioned having smoked in the outer areas of these facilities. These results likely reflect a successful implementation of anti-smoking laws. Of note is the fact that by decreasing passive smoking we further enhance smoking denormalization among the general population, decreasing smoking initiation and increasing its cessation.

Conhecimento e uso de cigarros eletrônicos e percepção de risco no Brasil: resultados de um país com requisitos regulatórios rígidos / Concienciación sobre el cigarrillo electrónico, uso, y percepción de sus efectos dañinos en Brasil: resultados de un país que cuenta con estrictos requisitos normativos / Electronic cigarette awareness, use, and perception of harmfulness in Brazil: findings from a country that has strict regulatory requirements

Resumo: Devido às incertezas sobre o impacto dos cigarros eletrônicos na saúde, o Brasil adotou, em 2009, regulamentação que proibiu venda, importação e propaganda desses produtos até que fabricantes possam demonstrar que são seguros e/ou efetivos na cessação de fumar. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar entre fumantes brasileiros: (1) conhecimento sobre existência de cigarros eletrônicos, uso na vida, e uso recente; (2) percepção de risco sobre cigarros eletrônicos comparados a cigarros convencionais; e (3) fatores correlacionados ao conhecimento e percepção de risco. Este é um estudo transversal entre fumantes brasileiros (≥ 18 anos) usando amostra de reposição da Onda 2 do Inquérito Internacional sobre Controle do Tabaco. Os participantes foram recrutados em três cidades por meio de um protocolo de discagem randomizada entre outubro de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013. Entre os 721 respondentes, 37,4% (n = 249) dos fumantes atuais conheciam cigarros eletrônicos, 9,3% (n = 48) relataram ter experimentado ou usado alguma vez na vida e 4,6% (n = 24) ter usado nos últimos 6 meses. Entre os que conheciam cigarros eletrônicos, 44,4% (n = 103) acreditavam que eles eram menos nocivos que os cigarros regulares (baixa percepção de risco). A "baixa percepção de risco" foi associada com ter maior nível educacional e com ter experimentado/usado cigarro eletrônico recentemente. Apesar das restrições aos cigarros eletrônicos no Brasil, 4,6% dos fumantes da amostra relataram uso recente. Programas de vigilância em saúde do Brasil e demais países deveriam incluir questões sobre uso e percepções sobre cigarros eletrônicos considerando os respectivos ambientes regulatórios.

Resumen: Debido a las incertezas sobre el impacto de los cigarrillos electrónicos en la salud, en 2009 Brasil adoptó una regulación que prohibió su venta, importación y propaganda de esos productos hasta que los fabricantes pudiesen demonstrar que son seguros y/o efectivos en el abandono del tabaco. El objetivo fue analizar entre fumadores brasileños: (1) conocimiento sobre la existencia de cigarrillos electrónicos, uso en vida, y uso reciente; (2) percepción de riesgo sobre cigarrillos electrónicos, comparados con cigarrillos convencionales; y (3) factores correlacionados con el conocimiento y percepciones de riesgo. Este es un estudio transversal entre fumadores brasileños (≥ 18 años), usando una muestra de reposición de la Oleada 2 de la Encuesta Internacional sobre Control del Tabaco. Los participantes fueron reclutados en tres ciudades, a través de un protocolo de llamadas telefónicas randomizadas entre octubre de 2012 y febrero de 2013. Entre los 721 encuestados que respondieron, un 37,4% (n = 249) de los fumadores actuales conocían el cigarrillo electrónico, un 9,3% (n = 48) relataron haberlo probado o consumido alguna vez en la vida y un 4,6% (n = 24) haberlo usado en los últimos 6 meses. Entre los que conocían los cigarrillos electrónicos, un 44,4% (n = 103) creían que ellos eran menos nocivos que los cigarrillos regulares (baja percepción de riesgo). La "baja percepción de riesgo" se asoció con tener un mayor nivel educacional y con haber probado/consumido cigarrillos electrónicos recientemente. A pesar de las restricciones a los cigarrillos electrónicos en Brasil, un 4,6% de los fumadores de la muestra relataron un uso reciente. Los programas de vigilancia en salud de Brasil y demás países deberían incluir cuestiones sobre el uso y percepciones sobre los cigarrillos electrónicos, considerando los respectivos ambientes regulatorios.

Abstract: Given the uncertainties regarding electronic cigarettes' (e-cigs) impact on health, in 2009 Brazil prohibited sales, importation or advertisements of these products until manufacturers are able to show they are safe and/or effective in smoking cessation. This study sought to analyze: (1) awareness of electronic cigarettes, ever-use and recent use; (2) perception of harmfulness of electronic cigarettes when compared with conventional cigarettes; and (3) correlates of awareness and perception of harmfulness. This is a cross-sectional study among Brazilian smokers (≥ 18 years) using the Wave 2 replenishment sample of the Brazilian International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Participants were recruited in three cities through a random-digit dialing sampling frame between October 2012 and February 2012. Among the 721 respondents, 37.4% (n = 249) of current smokers were aware of e-cigs, 9.3% (n = 48) reported having ever tried or used e-cigs and 4.6% (n = 24) reported having used them in the previous six months. Among those who were aware of e-cigs, 44.4% (n = 103) believed they were less harmful than regular cigarettes (low perception of harmfulness). "Low perception of harmfulness" was associated with a higher educational level and with having recently tried/used e-cigs. Despite restrictions to e-cigs in Brazil, 4.6% of sample smokers reported having recently used them. Health surveillance programs in Brazil and other countries should include questions on use and perceptions of e-cigs considering their respective regulatory environments.

Análise da interferência da indústria do tabaco na implementação das advertências sanitárias nos derivados de tabaco no Brasil / Analysis of the interference of the tobacco industry in the implementation of health warnings on tobacco products in Brazil

O propósito desta dissertação de mestrado é entender a relação que se estabelece entre a adoção de uma medida reguladora pelo governo, com forte impacto na população, e a reação por ela gerada em grupos de interesse.O embasamento teórico do estudo proposto se fundamenta na teoria de políticas sociais, que estuda a ação de grupos de interesse contra a implantação de medidas reguladoras, neste caso específico, a influência da indústria fumageira e seus aliados, na implementação das advertências sanitárias em produtos de tabaco no Brasil.Esta dissertação é dividida em quatro partes, incluindo introdução, percurso teórico metodológico, resultados e discussão e conclusão e recomendações.A metodologia utilizada envolve o estudo de documentos relacionados à implementação e avaliação das advertências sanitárias nos produtos de tabaco comercializados no Brasil, assim como do arcabouço legislativo que amparou a introdução dessas advertências. Em paralelo, foi realizada uma busca dos documentos internos da indústria do tabaco, liberados em 1999 durante ações de litígio nos Estados Unidos, com o objetivo de identificar as reações do setor, no processo de introdução e adoção das advertências sanitárias no mundo e no Brasil. Este trabalho também apresenta a evolução histórica desta medida no Brasil, com o foco na reação da indústria do tabaco.Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que várias ações do governo foram permeadas pela interferência da indústria do tabaco. Em alguns casos as intervenções eram explícitas e em outros momentos eram indiretas ou obscuras.À luz do marco referencial adotado, concluiu-se que houve a interferência da indústria fumageira como um grupo de interesse, de pressão e de lobby nas políticas de advertências sanitárias adotadas. Esta dissertação trouxe informações inovadoras e originais no cenário nacional que poderão ser úteis aos gestores da saúde pública e tomadores de decisão, na promoção de políticas de controle do tabaco, com foco nas advertências sanitárias. Recomendações para a melhoria da condução estratégica da Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco foram também desenvolvidas.

The purpose of this monograph is to understand the relationship between the adoption of a regulatory measure by the government, with strong impact over the population, and the reaction of interest groups. The theoretical framework of this study is the theory of social policies, which addresses the influence of interest groups against the adoption of regulatory measures, in this specific case, the interference of the tobacco industry and its allies in the regulatory framework of health warnings used on tobacco products in Brazil. The methodology involves the study of documents related to the implementation and evaluation of health warnings on tobacco products sold in Brazil, as well as on the legislative framework that based the introduction of these warnings in the country. In parallel, we conducted a search on tobacco industry’s internal documents, released in 1999 during a litigation process in the United States, aiming to identify the reactions of this sector in the process of introduction and implementation of health warnings globally and specifically in Brazil. This paper presents the historical evolution of this measure, with focus on tobacco industry’s reaction. The text of this monograph has four parts, comprising the introduction, theoretical and methodological aspects, results and discussion and conclusion and recommendations. The results of this study suggest that several governmental actions were targeted by tobacco industry’s interference. In some cases the influence was explicit and in other situations their presence was indirect and obscure. The study concludes that, following the theoretical referential, there is evidence that the industry has interfered on the health warnings regulatory and implementation framework in Brazil acting as an interest/pressure/lobby group. The results of this monograph shadow a new light on this area with useful and innovative information that might be relevant to decision makers and public health managers when 9 furthering tobacco control policies targeting health warnings measures. Recommendations for improvement in the strategic guidance of the Tobacco Control National Policy were made in this regard.

[Randomized clinical trial: effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and the use of nicotine replacement transdermal patches for smoking cessation among adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. / Ensaio clínico randomizado: efetividade da abordagem cognitivo-comportamental e uso de adesivos transdérmicos de reposição de nicotina, na cessação de fumar, em adultos residentes no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Randomized clinical trial carried out to investigate the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and nicotine replacement therapy with nicotine patches for smoking cessation. Participated 1,199 adults, volunteers, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, randomly assigned to 10 different groups: intensive brief counseling group (GB), with 1 or 2 sessions (G1-G2), and with 3 or 4 sessions (G3-G4), with/without nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Abstinence proportions were estimated during 12 months. These proportions among participants not assigned to NRT were 20% (GB), 17% (G1-G2), and 23% (G3-G4); and among assigned NRT groups were 30% (GBA), 34% (G1A-G2A), and 33% (G3A-G4A). After multiple adjustments, the abstinence proportions ratios seemed to follow a "dose-response" pattern: compared to GB, the ratios were 0.85 (G1-G2), 1.13 (G3-G4), 1.51 (GBA), 1.66 (G1A-G2A), and 1.75 (G3A-G4A). The results suggest that use of NRT increases the abstinence proportion for cessation. The "dose-response" pattern suggests that cognitive-behavioral could be the reasonable option in the smoking cessation therapy.

Ensaio clínico randomizado: efetividade da abordagem cognitivo-comportamental e uso de adesivos transdérmicos de reposicão de nicotina, na cessacão de fumar, em adultos residentes no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Randomized clinical trial: effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and the use of nicotine replacement transdermal patches for smoking cessation among adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ensaio clínico randomizado conduzido para avaliar efetividades dos métodos de abordagem cognitivo-comportamental e terapia de reposicão de nicotina com adesivos para cessacão de fumar. Participaram 1.199 voluntários, adultos, do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, alocados aleatoriamente em dez grupos: aconselhamento breve (GB) intensivo de 1 ou 2 sessões (G1-G2) e de 3 ou 4 sessões (G3-G4), com/sem terapia de reposicão de nicotina. Proporcões de abstinência foram estimadas durante os 12 meses. Essas proporcões nos grupos sem adesivo foram 20 por cento (GB), 17 por cento (G1-G2) e 23 por cento (G3-G4). Nos grupos com adesivo foram aproximadamente 30 por cento (GBA), 34 por cento (G1A-G2A) e 33 por cento (G3A-G4A). Após ajuste múltiplo, as razões de proporcão de abstinência parecem seguir padrão consistente com efeito "dose-resposta": comparadas com GB foram 0,85 (G1-G2); 1,13 (G3-G4); 1,51 (GBA); 1,66 (G1A-G2A) e 1,75 (G3A-G4A) (p < 0,05). Os resultados sugerem que acrescer terapia de reposicão de nicotina aumenta a proporcão de abstinência na cessacão. Padrões tipo "dose-resposta" encontrados nas razões de proporcão de abstinência sugerem que a abordagem cognitivo-comportamental pode ser uma opcão razoável no tratamento do fumante.